Abstract: In the process of simultaneous mining of the close coal seam, the upper and lower coal seams are mined at different distances, causing the collapse zone of the overlying rock to extend to the lower coal seam and expand to the upper overlying rock layer. At the same time, the upper mining causes the fracture of the overlying rock layer, and the lower mining intensifies the fracture of the overlying rock layer, and the fractured overlying rock rotates at a large angle, resulting in strong mine pressure. Based on this, through theoretical analysis and similar simulation tests, the failure characteristics and structural evolution laws of the overlying rock are comprehensively analyzed, and the following conclusions are drawn: ① in close coal seam mining, when there is no main roof formation between the upper and lower coal seams, the overlying rock falls at a large height and the mine pressure strength in the direction of propulsion of the working face is large. On the contrary, when there is a main roof between layers, the mine pressure in the direction of propulsion of the working face is small. ② The upper and lower coal seams are staggered mining, the upper coal seam is mined, and the stress arch structure is formed at the upper coal seam, and when the lower coal seam is staggered mining, the position of the rear arch foot pressure area of the new stress arch becomes the lower coal seam solid coal, and the position of the front arch foot pressure area of the new stress arch is still the upper coal seam solid coal, resulting in the low stress of the front arch and the low stress of the back arch, and the asymmetric stress arch structure. ③ In the similar simulation, in the mining stage of a single coal seam, the rigid roof gradually evolves from a fixed support ceiling structure at both ends to a cantilever beam structure, and the roof has longitudinal fractures and mining stress concentration. In the simultaneous mining stage, the hard roof undergoes dynamic adjustment in three stages: cantilever cementation-rotational settlement-compaction and reorganization, which drives the periodic crack opening and closing and coordinated settlement of the overlying rock. The final goaf is stabilized by a multi-stage articulated structure, with a stepped overhang structure formed at the edge, and the high-level rock mass presents a rupture-compaction cycle balance. The research results provide a basis for the study of similar fracture structures of the same mining overlying rock in the close coal seam.