Abstract: The upper reaches of the Yellow River in Gansu cover three typical ecologically fragile units including loess plateau, arid desert and alpine mountainous areas. Coal mining induces differentiated ecological damages such as mining subsidence, desertification and permafrost degradation, and the traditional homogeneous restoration model cannot match regional carrying capacity constraints. Supported by professor WU Chuanjun’s human-land areal system theory, this paper constructs a full-life-cycle human-land coupling analytical framework of mines including disturbance, regulation and coordination. The AHP-entropy combined weighting multi-index comprehensive method is adopted to calculate the human-land coupling index, and two quantitative transition thresholds of 0.3 and 0.6 are defined. Three typical coal mining clusters（Huating in Eastern Gansu, Jingyuan in Hexi Corridor and Tianzhu in Qilian Mountains） are selected for empirical research. Differentiated restoration paths are constructed for each zone under the unified logic of “damage diagnosis under disturbance-artificial restoration intervention- industrialization implementation”. The value realization system of ecological products is decomposed from four dimensions: physical commodity transaction, ecological rights trading, diversified investment and financing, and benefit sharing. The results show that the human-land coupling carrying capacity presents a gradient differentiation of Eastern Gansu ＞ Hexi Corridor ＞ Qilian Mountains. Relying on a high coupling threshold, Eastern Gansu forms a composite model of solid waste recycling, agro-photovoltaic complementary and carbon sink industry. Restricted by water resources, Hexi Corridor develops an integrated water-saving model combining agriculture-photovoltaic-forestry-carbon sink integrated model and solid waste disposal. Strictly abiding by ecological red lines, Qilian Mountains only arranges lightweight supporting industries based on ecological compensation. At present, mine restoration in Gansu is confronted with practical shortcomings such as insufficient reserve of zoned special restoration technologies, incomplete trading system of ecological products, narrow channels for introducing social capital and lack of full-cycle dynamic supervision. Optimization countermeasures are put forward from four dimensions: zoned technology research and development, differentiated control standards, expansion of green finance and full-cycle threshold monitoring. This study can provide quantitative theoretical support and practical references for green mine construction and low-carbon transformation of mining industry in similar ecologically fragile mining areas of Northwest China.