Abstract: In the new era marked by intensifying global geopolitical competition, accelerated energy transition, and deeper implementation of the “dual carbon” goals, critical minerals have become a core domain of strategic competition among major powers. Facing the opportunities and challenges arising from the rapid restructuring of global critical mineral supply chains, and from the perspective of the global strategy for industrial and supply chain security, this study adheres to the core concept of full life-cycle management of green minerals, aiming to provide a systematic strategic framework and practical pathway for China’s mining industry to achieve a green and low-carbon transition. By combining theoretical analysis with practical summarization—integrating the global governance consensus in the United Nations’ Critical Energy Transition Minerals Report, the top-level design of China’s International Economic and Trade Cooperation Initiative on Green Mining and Minerals, and domestic practices in green mine development—a three-dimensional theoretical framework encompassing “principles, methods, and techniques” is constructed. This framework clarifies that green minerals possess dual attributes: process-oriented sustainability and application-oriented sustainability, representing a sustainable development and utilization model that spans the entire industrial chain and global space. Currently, the global mineral supply chain exhibits three major characteristics: the accelerating trend toward “pan-safety” and bloc-based divisions, the rise of localization trends in resource-rich countries, and technological iterations leading to supply-demand mismatches. China’s mining sector faces structural imbalances in its industrial chain characterized by “large intermediate segments but small upstream and downstream sectors”, overseas investments encounter complex systemic risks, and environmental, social and government（ESG） practices confront challenges such as inconsistent standards and insufficient international recognition. Based on these observations, this study proposes five strategic pathways: establishing a “five-in-one” strategic safeguard system, deepening the transformation of the entire industrial chain through “greening + intelligentization + internationalization”, innovating a “value-sharing” model for international cooperation, advancing reforms in the global resource governance system, and strengthening the development of a circular utilization system for critical minerals. Only by adhering to multi-dimensional synergy and value sharing can the mining industry achieve a strategic leap from being a “resource extractor” to becoming an “important driver and leader in global sustainable development”, thereby contributing China’s wisdom and solutions to the global energy transition and climate governance.