Abstract: The characteristic of energy endowment in China is "rich in coal,poor in oil and gas".Although environmental problem caused by coal utilization is rather serious,the status of the coal as main energy will not change in the short term.The development and utilization of coal resources has great negative externalities,so market failure take place easily.The cost of coal is not full,which leads to the waste of resources,environmental pollution,frequent occurrence of safety accidents and difficult transformation of resource-based cities.From the perspective of sustainable development,seven kinds of costs as full cost of coal are put forward,which are resource cost,production and transportation cost,ecological compensation cost,environmental cost,intergenerational compensation cost,safety and health cost,and exit and transformation cost.Full cost pricing of coal is the inevitable choice of economic and social sustainable development,full cost formula of coal provides an important basis for assessment of rationality of coal price.