Abstract: To address the challenge of managing difficult-to-infiltrate anthracite coal dust pollution, active wetting agents are incorporated into ordinary water to bolster droplet atomization and enhance coal dust wettability. The study begins with a series of experiments—including contact angle measurements, coal dust settlement time, specific surface area, and pore size analysis—investigate the factors affecting the wettability of coal dust. Subsequent experiments on surface tension, contact angle, and coal dust settlement time to study the influence of various wetting agent on coal dust wettability. Furthermore, the atomization efficacy of these wetting agents is assessed using a laser particle size analyzer. The experimental results show that coal dust wettability is predominantly influenced by particle size, surface roughness, and pore quantity. Smaller particles, increased surface roughness, and higher pore counts contribute to the formation of air films between the coal dust and the wetting solution, which hinders droplets diffusion and increases the difficulty of wetting the coal dust; an extensive evaluation of the wetting and atomization characteristics of wetting agent monomer solutions highlighted anionic wetting agents—rapid penetrant T and SAS60—and non-ionic wetting agents—APG1214, TX-100, and AEO-9—as efficacious, with an optimal mass concentration of 0.03%; by optimization, the most effective compound solution is rapid penetrant T&AEO-9, with a 1∶1 volumetric ratio. Compared to their monomer, the compound solution improved spreading work by 70.82% and 73.32%, decreased coal dust settlement time by 31.93% and 33.41%, and reduced droplet particle size by 21.61% and 28.94%, further enhancing wettability and atomization performance. This research provides important theoretical and practical support for the preparation of wetting agents for difficult-to-infiltrate anthracite coal dust.