Abstract: At present, China’s economy has shifted from the stage of high-speed growth to the stage of high-quality development. As the main energy to ensure China’s energy security, oil and natural gas are facing the dual pressure of resource constraints and carbon emission reduction while escorting the realization of high-quality economic development. In addition, the “dual carbon” goal puts forward higher requirements for the oil and gas industry to achieve the transition to carbon reduction and energy-saving development. In view of this, it is particularly necessary to scientifically evaluate the high-quality development level of the oil and gas industry and deeply explore the sources of differences and the degree of contribution to boost the high-quality development process of China’s economy. Firstly, taking the development data of the oil and gas industry from 2012 to 2021 as research samples, the improved CRITIC-TOPSIS dynamic evaluation method is adopted to evaluate the high-quality development level of the oil and gas industry. Secondly, Dagum Gini coefficient method, nuclear density estimation and convergence test methods are used to analyze the sources and contribution of differences in the high-quality development of the upstream, midstream and downstream of the oil and gas industry chain and regional oil and gas industry, and on this basis to explore their distribution dynamics and dynamic evolution characteristics. The results show that the upstream industry has reached the high-quality development level, and the development quality of the midstream industry and the downstream industry is still lower than that of the upstream industry; the oil and gas industry in Western China has the highest development quality and great advantages in high-quality development level, followed by Central China and the lowest in Eastern China. China’s upstream, midstream and downstream of the oil and gas industry chain, regional east, central and western regions, the overall difference is large, the development level is “unbalanced”; the difference of high-quality development of oil and gas industry is mainly due to the intra-group difference of upstream, midstream and downstream, and the difference of super-variable density has the greatest impact on the overall regional difference. The central point of the core density function of the high-quality development level of the oil and gas industry gradually moved to the right, and the high-quality development level gradually improved. At the same time, the convergence trend of the high-quality development of the upstream industry has σ convergence, and the high-quality development of the oil and gas industry in Western China may have σ convergence. The research in this paper can provide some reference for the continuous improvement of the high quality development level of China’s oil and gas industry.