Abstract: As the depth of coal mining continues to increase, the working environment becomes increasingly complex. In addition to changes in geological structures, fluctuations in key environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, gas flow, and gas concentration, are closely related to operational safety. To ensure the safety of coal mine working face operations, this paper proposes a multi-source information synchronous monitoring system for mines. Once the system is activated, it can simultaneously collect and transmit environmental data from the working face through multiple channels, such as temperature, humidity, gas flow, and gas concentration. The data collected during this process is shaped, amplified, and filtered before being transmitted to the ADS13104 chip for high-precision analog-to-digital signal conversion. The converted signals are then sent to the controller via the SPI communication protocol. Upon receiving the digital signals, the controller first performs edge computing processing, TF storage, and transmission preparation to reduce overall system data latency and improve response speed. Additionally, the system incorporates a Wi-Fi networking function to enable IoT transmission of edge computing data and support for contactless online upgrades. Furthermore, to ensure the overall safety and stability of the system, an overcurrent short-circuit protection circuit is specially designed to cut off the power supply promptly in the event of a fault and automatically restore power after the fault is resolved. Experimental results show that the system demonstrates high accuracy and stability under various environmental conditions, and the overcurrent short-circuit protection circuit further enhances the stability of the system’s power supply. This system effectively meets the monitoring needs of complex mining environments and provides new ideas for future contactless system upgrades and data transmission solutions in coal mine instrumentation.