Abstract: Ensuring a stable supply of strategic critical mineral resources is crucial for the sustained growth of national strategic emerging industries and strengthening overall national strength. This paper takes China’s strategic critical minerals as the entry point, and deeply analyzes the multidimensional impacts of technological innovation on the optimal production path of critical minerals. These effects encompass three key areas: adjusting recoverable reserves, enhancing resource utilization efficiency, and reducing mining costs. The research findings reveal that technological innovation supports sustainable production of critical minerals by broadening the boundaries of recoverable reserves. However, it is important to note that while significant short-term benefits can be gained from excessive enhancement of resource utilization, this may accelerate resource depletion, which is not conducive to long-term sustainability. Similarly, while reductions in mining costs can stimulate short-term production growth, they may also lead to the rapid depletion of certain critical minerals, such as copper. Incorporating the Hotelling model, this paper analyzes how technological innovation alters the optimal production paths of different critical minerals, and provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for the optimal management of depletable resources. This research not only deepens our understanding of the relationship between technological innovation and sustainable production of critical minerals, but also offers valuable insights and references for the country to formulate scientific mineral resource strategies, ensuring resource security and sustainable development.