Abstract: The SCO member states are located in the core along the “Belt and Road”, rich in oil and gas resources, serving as an important region for Chinese enterprises to “go out” and carry out international energy cooperation. Analysing and researching the current situation of oil and gas resources in SCO member states and related cooperation potential can provide some references for China’s international energy cooperation. The paper comprehensively analyses the oil and gas resource endowment, exploration and development progress, and production, consumption and trade pattern of SCO member states. Through sorting out the current status of China’s oil and gas exploration, development and trade cooperation with other SCO member states, the paper analyses the opportunities for cooperation in terms of geopolitical advantages, industrial policies and resource advantages, examines the risks and challenges of the political situation, finance, and market, and explores the corresponding prospects for cooperation and suggestions. The study concludes that the SCO member states are geographically involved in three major oil and gas reserves and production areas （Middle East, Russia and Central Asia）, and two major oil and gas consumption areas （Asia-Pacific and Eastern Europe）, and occupying an important position in the world’s oil and gas industry. The differences in energy resource endowment and energy consumption demand among SCO member states, as well as the convenient geographic advantages of the SCO member states, have provided the necessary prerequisites and important guarantees for deepening the energy cooperation of the member states. China’s oil and gas cooperation with other SCO member states has achieved remarkable results, and the future cooperation has huge potential with both challenges and opportunities. There is an urgent need to further deepen international cooperation in the oil and gas industry, to actively expand cooperation in the field of new energy, building a diversified energy supply system. They need to strengthen the communication of policies on oil and gas industry cooperation, to promote the RMB settlement of oil and gas trade in the SCO member states, to further strengthen the cooperation on regional economic integration to promote mutual benefits and win-win situation, jointly responding to the challenges of the global energy market.