Abstract: Cesium is one of the indispensable and important raw materials in the fields of national science and technology, military and industry, and plays an important role in the development of strategic emerging industries. It has been included in the list of key minerals by the United States, Japan, Canada and other countries, and is increasingly being emphasized by countries around the world. With the booming development of global strategic emerging industries, the application fields of cesium resources will be further expanded, the supply and demand will grow rapidly, and the competition in the cesium supply chain will intensify. In order to comprehensively understand the characteristics of global cesium resources, analyze the development and utilization situation of cesium resources, and provide a basic understanding of the sustainable development of cesium resources, this paper systematically combs through the distribution of global cesium resources, typical cesium deposits and their geological characteristics, main metallurgical technology, uses, supply and demand situation and production and consumption, analyzes the outstanding problems faced by the domestic cesium resources development and utilization and makes suggestions on guaranteeing the supply security of China’s cesium resources. It also puts forward suggestions for securing the supply of cesium resources in China. In general, global cesium resources are characterized by small reserves, uneven distribution, highly concentrated production capacity, and separation of supply and demand, etc. Pegmatitic cesium mines are mainly distributed in Australia, Canada, Namibia and China. China’s cesium ore resources are relatively scarce, characterized by many types of deposits, wide distribution, mostly associated deposits, etc., which makes it difficult to develop and utilize. At present, global pollucite resources that can be mined on a large scale are mainly concentrated in the Tanco Mine in Canada, the Bikita Mine in Zimbabwe and the Sinclair Mine in Australia, with a highly concentrated supply. Global cesium producers basically set production based on sales, supply and demand are basically flat, and production has shown explosive growth in recent years. Developed countries are the main consumers of cesium in the world, mainly used in high-tech fields, and there is still a gap between China and developed countries in the high-end application of cesium. Almost all of China’s cesium resources are imported from Canada and Zimbabwe, and the small scale of downstream applications restricts the large-scale development of upstream mineral resources, and the international geopolitical situation is becoming more and more complicated, facing greater supply risks. It is recommended to strengthen the exploration and development of domestic cesium resources, expand the resource reserves, moderately reserve high-quality cesium resources, strengthen the research on the development and utilization of low-grade cesium mines, and support the enterprises to participate in the international mining cooperation, so as to guarantee the sustainable development of China’s strategic emerging industries.