Abstract: As a key component of electric vehicles, wind turbines and other alternative energy programmers, copper resources play a critical role in promoting the transformation of the energy structure and achieving carbon neutrality. At present, the supply and demand relationship, competition pattern and consumption structure of the global copper resources market have entered a period of deep adjustment, and trade protectionism has exacerbated the risk of China’s copper resources industry chain breakage. It is crucial to accurately study the impact of changes in supply and consumption of copper resources on China’s economy, and explore the factors influencing the consumption of copper resources on the high-quality development of the copper industry, the reduction of emissions from end-use applications, and the development of emerging industries. Taking global and China’s copper resources as the research object, the kernel density estimation method and STIRPAT model are used to study the evolution of global copper resources supply and consumption patterns and the influencing factors of China’s copper consumption. The results show that the supply and consumption of copper resources in major countries and regions around the world increase year by year and there is obvious polarization from 2000 to 2023, and the degree of differentiation increases year by year. China’s copper consumption is influenced by economic growth, industrialization, urbanization, resource consumption intensity, technological progress and price, etc., but the influencing factors are different in different time periods. The main contributing factors to the increase in China’s copper consumption from 1953 to 1978 are resource consumption intensity, industrialization and economic growth; the main factors driving the increase in China’s copper consumption from 1979 to 1992 are resource consumption intensity, economic growth and urbanization; economic growth, urbanization and technological progress are the main driving factors for China’s copper consumption increase from 1993 to 2023. It is suggested to enhance the ability of global resource integration to improve copper resource security; optimize the industrial structure and reduce the intensity of copper resource consumption; strengthen the technological innovation and accelerate the green transformation to realize the high-quality development of the copper industry.