Abstract: Graphite as a critical material in clean energy technologies such as new energy vehicles （NEVs）, solar power generation, and energy storage systems, while also playing a pivotal role in sectors like national defense and electronics. This paper examines the development trends of the global new energy industry and the new trade pattern, analyzing the current state of graphite resources and industrial development both in China and worldwide. It further explores the impacts of technological innovation and international trade policies on the graphite industry, proposing strategies to safeguard China’s resource security. The findings indicates that the demand for technologies such as NEVs, photovoltaic industries, and batteries is rapidly increasing, and graphite is expected to play a key role in global energy development and transition in the future. Under the new trade pattern, the United States and the European Union have introduced specific regulations and policies targeting the extraction, processing, and recycling of critical minerals such as graphite. These policies aim to reduce external dependence on critical minerals and seek to diversify supply channels. Opportunities will arise for the exploration and development of graphite resources in countries such as Brazil, India, Tanzania, and Mozambique. In the future, the supply of graphite is expected to become more diversified, which will have a certain impact on China’s graphite supply. Graphite is a strategic resource in China, with the largest reserves, production, and trade volume in the world. It holds significant resource potential, a complete industrial chain, and plays a dominant role in China’s foreign trade policy, it provides crucial support for both global and domestic new energy development. However, the industry also faces challenges such as structural overcapacity, declining prices, and low resource utilization efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper recommends rationalizing the production capacity of graphite, enhancing research and development of advanced technologies, improving resource the utilization efficiency of graphite, and expanding international market demand to provide vital resource support for China’s energy transition and development.