Abstract: In a highly competitive market environment, a sound and effective performance evaluation system can help enterprises achieve sustainable development. However, the traditional performance evaluation system pays more attention to the evaluation of financial indicators and other result indicators, while paying less attention to the evaluation of enterprise production and operation processes. It cannot provide real and comprehensive analysis for enterprise production and operation activities. Based on the balanced scorecard, this paper conducts research on the performance evaluation problem of coal enterprises from the perspective of performance evaluation theory, combining the characteristics of coal enterprise production and operation, and designs a performance evaluation index system for coal enterprises from the perspectives of financial, customer, internal business process, social responsibility, and learning and growth. The paper then uses the analytic hierarchy process to calculate the weight of the evaluation indicators and determine the standard values of the indicators, and finally uses the normalized comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the application effect of the coal enterprise performance evaluation system. The experimental results show that the final score of the enterprise performance evaluation obtained by the research method is 73.15, which is at the industry average level. The weight of the financial and internal operation dimensions is 28.08 and 20.72, respectively, which indicates that the financial and internal operation dimensions are of great importance to the development of coal enterprises. The social responsibility dimension and the learning and growth dimension, however, are the shortcomings of coal enterprises in the process of development, and further strengthening and improvement are needed.