Abstract: As a new factor of production, data factors affect all aspects of economic development with strong system penetration, and inject important vitality into high-quality economic and social development. Since the reform and opening up, resource-based cities have played an irreplaceable role in the rapid economic and social development and high-quality development of the country with their superior natural endowments. Therefore, in the new era of digital economy, it is very important to explore the driving effect of marketization allocation efficiency of data factors on the high-quality economic development of resource-based cities, which can further explore the new driving force of high-quality economic development of resource-based cities. Based on this, this paper takes the panel data of 14 resource-based cities in Shandong Province from 2008 to 2022 as the research sample, constructs the PFHWD-TOPSIS model to measure the marketization allocation efficiency of data factors, uses the DEA-Malmquist index model to measure the high-quality economic development level, and further discusses the trend of marketization allocation efficiency of data factors from the two dimensions of time and space. On this basis, the system GMM model is constructed to explore the influence effect and driving mechanism of marketization allocation efficiency of data factors on the high-quality economic development of resource-based cities in Shandong Province. The study found that the high-quality economic development level and the marketization allocation efficiency of data factors in resource-based cities in Shandong Province have shown a fluctuating upward trend, and the marketization allocation efficiency of data factors in resource-based cities has played a positive role in promoting the high-quality economic development. There are great differences in the impact of foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, industrial structure and environmental regulation intensity on the high-quality economic development of resource-based cities. Among them, foreign direct investment and industrial structure have inhibited the pace of high-quality economic development of resource-based cities to a certain extent, and gross domestic product and environmental regulation intensity have significantly promoted the improvement of high-quality economic development level.