Abstract: As the world’s largest importer of oil and gas, enhancing the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain has become the key to ensuring China’s energy security in the context of profound changes in the global energy system and increasingly fierce competition among major powers. This paper innovatively applies the theory of new quality productivity and proposes the mechanism and implementation path for cultivating new quality productivity and enhancing the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain. Firstly, in combination with the Party’s and national policies and the development situation of the oil and gas industry at home and abroad, the necessity of improving the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain through new quality productivity is analyzed from five perspectives: ensuring energy security, building Chinese path to modernization, cultivating economic growth points, promoting clean low-carbon transformation, and building a new energy system. Secondly, based on the concept of four stage resilience, the connotation of the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain is proposed, and the specific characteristics of the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain in different stages are analyzed. Thirdly, based on the scientific connotation of new quality productivity, the mechanism for enhancing the resilience of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain through new quality productivity is analyzed in depth from four aspects: technological innovation, innovative allocation of production factors, utilization of data factors, and innovation ecosystem. A theoretical framework for the relationship between new quality productivity and the reliability, resilience, recovery, and learning of the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain is constructed. Finally, based on the current challenges faced by the resilience of China’s oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain, 15 specific measures have been proposed in five aspects: improving the system and mechanism for optimizing and upgrading the oil and gas industrial chain and supply chain, strengthening the assessment and early warning measures for security risks of oil and gas industrial chain, coordinating the layout of industrial gradient transfer and strategic hinterland construction, accelerating market-oriented reforms in the oil and gas field, and promoting deep integration between the oil and gas industry and the digital economy.