碳捕集与封存(CCS)在国际碳市场的发展现状及展望

    State and prospects of carbon capture and storage(CCS) in the international carbon market

    • 摘要: 碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术是助力《巴黎协定》1.5 ℃温升目标实现的关键手段,但目前融资模式较为单一,碳市场作为扩大资本介入的重要渠道,将在CCS技术的规模化应用中发挥不可或缺的作用。本文通过梳理CCS技术与强制碳市场的互动情况及CCS技术在自愿碳市场中的市场表现,分析CCS在国际碳市场中的发展现状。当前大部分碳排放权交易体系(ETS)技术与CCS技术缺乏联动,碳税体系与CCS技术的融合也较为稀缺。自愿碳市场方面,各类方法学及配套的模块和工具仍然有很大发展空间,聚焦于CCS领域的碳减排项目数量和碳信用数量仍然较少。基于《巴黎协定》第六条的实践也较为有限。投资模式方面,CCS项目部署的资金来源仍然较为单一,大多来源于各国政府政策支持和财政补贴,而碳市场,尤其是自愿碳市场的广阔发展空间将为其他资本提供介入机会。本文结合CCS现有投资模式及在各类碳市场倡议下,壳牌(Shell)、微软(Microsoft)等先进企业的实践,佐证了构建CCS与碳市场相融合的商业模式具有必要性与可行性。本文系统梳理了具体实施过程中可能面临的方法学碎片化、CCS项目原生风险等挑战,并提出了对应的解决方案。CCS在国际碳市场中的参与潜力尚未充分释放,其中自愿碳市场为其提供了尤为广阔的发展空间。基于当前现状,亟须从三方面发力:加快CCS配套碳市场制度体系建设、探索可行的碳市场商业模式,同时加强CCS各环节风险管理,为CCS技术的规模化应用和在碳市场的进一步发展奠定基础。

       

      Abstract: Carbon capture and storage(CCS) technology is crucial for hitting The Paris Agreement’s 1.5 ℃ global warming target, but its financing models are still quite limited. Carbon markets, by expanding capital participation, will be vital for scaling up CCS. This paper explores how CCS is currently developing within international carbon markets, looking at its interplay with compliance carbon market and its performance in voluntary carbon markets. Most emissions trading systems(ETS) currently lack robust linkages with CCS technology. The integration of carbon taxes with CCS technologies is also relatively rare. As for voluntary carbon market(VCM), there’s significant room for the development of CCS methodologies, modules, and tools. The number of carbon emission reduction projects and credits specifically focused on CCS remains low. Furthermore, the practical application of Article 6 of The Paris Agreement for CCS is still quite limited. Regarding investment models, funding for CCS project deployment is still relatively singular, primarily relying on government policy support and financial subsidies. The vast potential of carbon markets, especially the VCM, offers opportunities for other capital sources to get involved. This paper emphasizes the necessity and feasibility to build a carbon market-based business model for CCS by drawing on existing CCS investment models and the practices of leading companies like Shell and Microsoft. This paper also identifies and analyzes potential implementation challenges, such as fragmented methodologies and inherent project risks, and proposes possible solutions while integrating CCS deployment into carbon markets. The potential for CCS to participate in the international carbon market has not been fully realized. To address this, three key areas need to be prioritized, which are accelerating the establishment of a robust carbon market system for CCS, exploring viable business models and strengthening risk management across all stages of CCS.

       

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