Abstract: Japan considers carbon dioxide capture and storage （CCS） as a necessary measure for achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions and reaching the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. To optimize the business environment of the CCS industry, Japan promulgates the Act on Carbon Dioxide Storage Business in May 2024. This law provides key institutional guarantees for promoting the development of the carbon dioxide storage industry, facilitates the government’s management and supervision, and has reference significance for the full-chain management of carbon dioxide storage in China. The legislation on carbon dioxidel storage in Japan innovatively stipulates the relevant licensing system for storage, establishes the rights of storage and exploration, authorizes the government to designate areas for carbon dioxide storage, and standardizes the expropriation and use of land. The clear ownership relationship provides basic rights protection for the smooth implementation of CCS. At the same time, the law clarifies the legal responsibilities of CCS operators and the government support measures required for project implementation, which helps to promote the commercialization process of CCS in an orderly manner and safeguard public interests and safety. The regulations on offshore storage and export protect the marine environment and provide licensing and process guarantees for industrial development, which helps to enhance Japan’s international influence in the field of CCS. The carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage （CCUS） industry in China is developing rapidly, and legal issues such as unclear ownership relationships, lack of basis for land use, and the handling of relationships regarding the overburden of mineral resources are becoming increasingly prominent. To ensure the healthy development of China’s CCUS industry, there is an urgent need to establish and improve the country’s legal system for CCUS. By continuously advancing research on CCUS industry development plans, policies, and regulations, it should focus on clarifying the rights and obligations related to carbon storage, providing systematic geological information and scientific basis for government licensing, and further studying legal issues concerning carbon dioxide export and cross-border storage to respond to changes in domestic and international industrial development trends.