Abstract: Copper is widely used in fields such as new energy vehicles and power communications, making it an irreplaceable key metal in the energy transition process. The stability and resilience of its supply chain play a crucial role in the economic development of the nation; however, China’s external dependence on copper is 78%. Enhancing the resilience of China’s copper resource supply chain and ensuring a safe and stable supply of copper resources is of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and safeguarding national strategic interests. To enhance the resilience of the copper resource supply chain and ensure the secure and stable supply of resources, the study constructs an evaluation index system for the resilience of China’s copper resource supply chain from the dimensions of resistance, adaptability, recovery capacity, and learning capacity. The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of the indices, and the TOPSIS method is employed to construct the evaluation model. Furthermore, the evaluation model is integrated into a system dynamics model for predictive analysis of future scenarios. The research results indicate that from 2011 to 2023, the overall resilience of China’s copper resource supply chain exhibited a slow declining trend, with a rapid recovery following a brief severe drop in 2019. Scenario analysis shows that technological innovation and diversification of imports are key factors in enhancing resilience, while a lack of macro-control will significantly slow down the speed at which resilience recovers, potentially threatening national economic security in the face of black swan events. The resilience results of China’s copper resource supply chain from 2011 to 2023 show that although the supply chain possesses certain impact resistance and self-regulation capabilities, continuous optimization is necessary to enhance the overall resilience level. It is recommended to persistently promote technological innovation to strengthen domestic industrial competitiveness while reducing external dependence and supply concentration, thereby improving the supply chain’s ability to respond to complex environments. There is an urgent need to strengthen macro-control and policy guidance, construct a more resilient supply chain system, and ensure its sustainable development.