Abstract: Helium, as a strategic resource critical to national security and economic development, is irreplaceable in defense, aerospace, high-end manufacturing, and medical research due to its unique properties including low boiling point, chemical stability, and radiological inertness. This paper systematically examines the development status of the global and China’s helium industry chain, revealing resource distribution patterns, technological bottlenecks, and optimization pathways. Global helium resources are highly concentrated, with the United States, Qatar, Russia, and Algeria controlling 88% of recoverable reserves, forming a supply landscape dominated by the U.S.-Qatar core. Western capital monopolizes 70% of the global market share through three international gas giants—Linde（Germany）, Air Liquide（France）, and Air Products（U.S.）—while leveraging technological barriers to restrict exports of critical equipment. China’s helium industry has developed rapidly in recent years: consumption continues to expand, domestic production has surged significantly, autonomous supply capabilities have markedly improved, and breakthroughs in technology localization have propelled the industry into an accelerated development phase. However, the helium industry chain still faces multiple core risks: limited production growth constrained by poor resource endowment; weakened market competitiveness due to high extraction costs; inadequate emergency supply and production-sales balancing mechanisms resulting from the absence of strategic reserves; and constraints on efficient industrial development caused by incomplete full-chain technologies. Under complex international conditions, helium supply security remains severely challenged, extreme scenarios such as decoupling, joint sanctions by the U.S. and Europe, or import channel disruptions could trigger supply interruptions, directly threatening national security, public health, and economic stability. Therefore, an urgent need exists to establish a synergistic safeguard system integrating efficient domestic production, diversified imports, and strategic reserves. Concurrently, accelerating the localization of full-chain technologies and equipment through collaborative R&D involving industry, academia, research institutes, and end-users is essential to fortify industry chain security and promote comprehensive self-reliance.