Abstract: Against the background of “dual carbon” goals, the research on the transformation and upgrading of coal mining and comprehensive utilization aims to explore low-carbon and efficient mining technologies, optimize clean utilization pathways, and establish a circular economy model. This is to facilitate the transformation of the traditional coal industry towards a green and low-carbon direction, achieve coordinated development between resource exploitation and environmental protection, and provide technical support and industrial practice solutions for the optimization of China’s energy structure and the realization of carbon neutrality. Based on the interpretation of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality policies in the coal industry, this paper analyzes the multiple predicaments currently faced by the coal industry from the perspectives of supply-demand imbalance, price decline, debt pressure, and structural contradictions. It proposes specific paths for the transformation and upgrading of coal mining and comprehensive utilization from four aspects: technological innovation and efficiency improvement, coordinated development of clean energy, carbon reduction and circular economy, and policy and market mechanisms. The specific paths for transformation and upgrading include 11 directions such as intelligent mining, green mine construction, upgrading of coal-fired power generation, multi-energy complementary systems, comprehensive utilization of coalbed methane, development of mine geothermal energy, application of CCUS technology, treatment of coal-based solid waste, transformation of coal chemical industry, financial support for transformation, and optimization of production capacity layout. These cover multiple dimensions including technology, policy, and industrial collaboration. The conclusion of the research points out that the transformation and upgrading of coal mining and comprehensive utilization is of great significance. It aims to reduce environmental damage through green mining technologies, achieve clean utilization by increasing the rate of raw coal washing and resource recovery; develop efficient and high-value paths such as coal chemical industry and coal-to-hydrogen to replace traditional combustion methods, and promote a low-carbon energy system that integrates coal power and new energy; at the same time, it relies on carbon capture technology and circular economy models to reduce carbon emissions throughout the life cycle, ensuring energy security and supporting industrial demands, ultimately achieving the strategic transformation of coal from a “high-carbon resource” to a “low-carbon carrier”.