Abstract: Geothermal water serves as the core carrier of geothermal energy resources. A thorough understanding of its formation mechanisms and mineral types is crucial for the scientific evaluation and sustainable development of geothermal resources. This study systematically explores the formation process of geothermal water and the genesis of its characteristic minerals, revealing the dynamic mechanisms underlying the formation and evolution of geothermal water under deep high-temperature and high-pressure conditions through an analysis of the five key heat-controlling elements “water source-channel-heat source-heat reservoir-cap rock”. With a focus on the core process of water-rock interaction, this research analyses the definition, hydrogeochemical processes and formation mechanisms of typical therapeutic thermal mineral waters （carbonate hot mineral waters, silicate hot mineral waters, etc.）, providing an important scientific basis for geothermal resource exploration and therapeutic mineral water development.