Abstract: The international mining competition landscape is undergoing profound reshaping, and China’s mining industry’s “going global” strategy is at a critical stage of transitioning from scale expansion to high-quality green development. The strengthening of global climate governance mechanisms, the mainstream adoption of ESG investment, the explosive growth in demand for new energy minerals, and the increasingly stringent environmental regulations under resource nationalism collectively constitute the core external pressures and internal driving forces that necessitate green transformation for China’s mining industry. Achieving green transformation has become an inevitable trend to ensure the stable supply of national mineral resources. How to implement the concept of green development and achieve high-quality transformation in the process of “going global” is the core issue currently facing China’s mining enterprises. In recent years, China’s mining enterprises have taken a series of measures at the technical and operational levels, governance and standard levels, and cooperation models, providing strong support for their overseas development. However, with the continuous expansion of foreign investment scale, China’s mining enterprises still face many challenges in terms of investment regional layout, project type selection, and deepening international cooperation. Based on this, this paper systematically analyzes the trend characteristics of global mining green transformation, summarizes the problems faced by China’s mining industry in green transformation during its “going global” process, and combines international experience with Chinese practice to explore the challenges and opportunities for green transformation of China’s mining enterprises. The aim is to promote China’s mining enterprises to enhance their core competitiveness in the international market, achieve sustainable development, and contribute Chinese wisdom to the global mining green transformation.