Abstract: To guide metal and non-metal mining enterprises in accurately evaluating the operational status of safety management systems, promptly identifying deficiencies in safety management processes, effectively preventing and controlling accidents, improving safety performance, and standardizing safety management practices, this study is conducted within the framework of China’s safety management system. Focusing on the production operation and safety management characteristics of metal and non-metal underground mines, a hierarchical evaluation index system for safety management system operation is constructed, consisting of one target layer, 14 criteria-level indicators, and 51 sub-criteria-level indicators. The expert scoring method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） are applied to determine indicator weights, with consistency tests conducted to ensure reliability. Furthermore, the fuzzy number method is used to define five evaluation grades——very poor, poor, moderate, good, and excellent——and to establish evaluation rules and a graded assessment model for safety management system operation. The proposed model supports the effective implementation of enterprises’ principal responsibility for safety, provides technical support for regulatory authorities to implement differentiated and classified supervision of metal and non-metal mines, enhances the effectiveness of non-coal mine safety supervision, and promotes the high-quality development of mine safety.