Abstract: Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change and growing agricultural demand in extreme and enclosed environments, exploring experimental agricultural models in coal mine underground spaces carries important scientific significance and engineering value. This paper takes coal mine underground spaces that meet engineering safety requirements as the research object, and systematically analyzes their suitability for agricultural experiments from three aspects: structural conditions, supply capacity of production factors, and operational safety constraints. In terms of structural conditions, the feasibility of reconstructing shafts, roadways, chambers, and partial goafs into agricultural experimental units is analyzed on the premise that surrounding rock stability, ventilation, and drainage requirements are satisfied. With regard to production factors, the supply pathways and engineering adaptability of key elements including light, heat, water, air, and carbon in underground spaces are emphatically evaluated. The results show that coal mine underground spaces possess the engineering foundation for constructing agricultural experimental units when the surrounding rock stability meets engineering specifications, and ventilation, drainage, and safety monitoring systems are complete. Through artificial light sources and environmental control systems, underground spaces can realize the independent supply and precise regulation of key production factors such as light, heat, water, air, and carbon, thereby supporting the implementation of highly controllable agricultural experiments. On this basis, a key technical system and overall framework are established, covering mine water treatment and recycling, gas regulation and CO₂ resource utilization, artificial light environment construction, soilless culture and three-dimensional agriculture, as well as environmental perception and intelligent control. Nevertheless, the long-term operation of underground agricultural experimental systems still faces critical challenges, including significant water-gas-surrounding rock structure coupling effects, a high risk of crop disease in enclosed environments, and energy consumption pressure caused by artificial lighting and environmental regulation. Overall, coal mine underground spaces can serve as an important carrier for highly controllable agricultural experiments, providing a new approach for agricultural mechanism research in extreme environments and the reuse of underground space resources. This study also has certain reference values for promoting the sustainable development of resource-based regions and the transformation of industrial heritage.