Abstract: Enterprise reserves of rare earth products constitute an important part of China’s rare earth reserve system, constrained by total quota regulation indicators and national reserve policies. Scientific reserve decision-making is crucial for enterprise development and industry stability. This paper aims to study three types of enterprise reserve decision models based on different timing of product procurement and stockpiling: end-period reserve model, beginning-period reserve model, and comprehensive reserve model. It discusses the optimal pricing and reserve strategies under each model, providing theoretical support and practical reference for rare earth enterprises’ reserve decisions under the context of total quota regulation. Based on the newsvendor model, a commercial physical reserve model for rare earths is constructed. From a game-theoretic perspective, the three reserve models （end-period, beginning-period, and comprehensive） are modeled and solved using stepwise derivation, construction of Lagrangian functions, and solving Karush-Kuhn-Tucker（KKT） conditions to determine the optimal decisions under each mode. In the end-period reserve model, firms adopt different pricing strategies depending on the situation to maintain different proportions of consumer demand. Compared with the beginning-period reserve model, the beginning-period reserve reduces current supply, while the end-period reserve does not affect current sales but may incur certain losses when stocking products at the end of the period. Under the comprehensive reserve model, the reserve strategy more effectively utilizes supply-demand differences between the beginning and the end of the period, enhancing enterprise profits through flexible pricing and reserve management. The key to maximizing profits lies in optimal pricing and reserve strategies in light of market parameters, while balancing the benefits of the comprehensive reserve model against the additional reserve costs. The findings enrich the quantitative research on the strategic reserve system for rare earth products and provide important references for rare earth enterprises to formulate efficient reserve strategies under different market conditions.