Abstract: Environmental, Social and Governance（ESG）, has become a core issue that cannot be ignored in the mining industry nowadays. Amid accelerating demand for sustainable development and energy transition, advancing ESG practices in mining has grown increasingly critical. In this study, the ESG construction and practical experience of the top 50 global mining companies are summarized based on their performance in the period from 2023 to 2025. These mining enterprises are analyzed and compared by their country of origin and business focus. The findings show that from 2023 to 2025, the average ESG scores of the top 50 global mining companies first rose and then declined, with divergent performance across regions and business segments. Enterprises in economically developed regions such as North America, Europe and Australia achieve relatively high average ESG scores, with a notable gap compared with other regions. Diversified mining companies perform best due to stronger overall strength and greater willingness to develop ESG systems, while coal mining enterprises record the lowest average scores owing to environmental pressures, safety regulations and other factors. Mining companies such as gold, copper and potash producers deliver moderate ESG performance, but lithium producers get a significant improvement in ESG development driven by the accelerated integration of the new energy industrial chain. To better establish an ESG framework tailore to the characteristics of the mining industry, the global ESG development is reviewed and analyzed, and the key challenges in current mining ESG practices are concluded as follows: fragmented standards, low-quality data disclosure, lack of dynamic adjustment mechanisms, and unbalanced regional development. A pathway for building a mining ESG system is proposed preliminarily referring to the mature ESG frameworks from other industries such as finance and information technology. First, clarify the goal orientation of mining ESG system development; second, adopt a categorized, layered and dynamically adjustable institutional framework; third, strengthen the foundational capacity for ESG implementation in mining. It is recommended to construct and improve a mining ESG system with Chinese characteristics by aligning with China’s development stage, enhancing top-level design, and raising the level of internationalization.