Abstract: The global energy transition and geopolitical competition are driving a profound integration of the global mineral supply chains. Supply chains transform from a “cost and efficiency-driven” paradigm to a “national security and shared values-prioritized one”. Concurrently, ESG governance in the mining industry rises and intensifies. The interaction of the two exposes, amplifies, and increases the vulnerabilities and risks in China’s mineral supply chains. This paper aims to assist Chinese enterprises in navigating global regulatory compliance and green trade barriers, bolstering the resilience and security of their supply chains, enhancing their financing capacity in international capital markets, driving value appreciation and technological innovation across the entire industry chain, and implementing the Belt and Road Initiative. By systematically reviewing 817 ESG rating and analysis reports concerning Chinese mining enterprises from 2021 to 2026 and tracking overseas ESG-related disputes, this paper identifies systemic flaws in current global ESG governance. These include the passive entanglement of enterprises in governance, a lack of legislative legitimacy among regulators, fragmented and inconsistent norms, a “fairness deficit” caused by low-quality regulatory content, and procedural deficiencies. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a three-tiered strategy. At the state level, China should externally advocate for the return of ESG norm-setting to multilateral international organizations and promote a “developmental ESG” governance system. Internally, China should bolster governance capabilities across talent, institutions, and infrastructure dimensions, supporting the evolution of Chinese ESG standards from unilateral alignment to mutual recognition and, ultimately, international adoption. At the corporate level, enterprises must understand, participate in, integrate into, and eventually lead the development of global ESG governance. At the consumer level, the public should understand and support Chinese mining enterprises; consumers and investors are encouraged to support resource conservation and circular economy actions, and to articulate and disseminate the narrative of China’s mining industry to the world.