Abstract: Against the backdrop of profound shifts in the global geopolitical landscape and intensifying great-power rivalry, the “Trump Doctrine” which is centered on America First and characterized by pronounced unilateralism, poses serious challenges to the security and stability of global strategic mineral resource industrial chains. Taking China and ASEAN as the research subjects, this study systematically explores the theoretical logic, practical drivers, and pathways for building a synergistic symbiotic relationship in the field of strategic mineral resources. The paper develops a multidimensional dialectical analytical framework that incorporates geopolitical risk, resource nationalism, technological innovation, and institutional synergy, and conducts an in-depth analysis of the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the synergistic symbiosis of the China-ASEAN mineral resource industrial chain. The study finds that synergistic symbiosis is not only a strategic choice for addressing external shocks and ensuring regional industrial chain resilience, but also a critical pathway for promoting regional economic integration, cultivating new quality productive forces centered on green and intelligent development, and achieving sustainable growth. The intensification of geopolitical risks significantly enhances the level of regional industrial chain synergy, an effect that is notably suppressed in countries with stronger resource nationalist tendencies. Technological innovation, particularly integrated innovation encompassing artificial intelligence, green mining, and digital technologies, partially offsets the negative effects and plays a key amplifying role in enhancing synergy efficiency. The conclusions of this study offer significant theoretical value and policy insights for how China and ASEAN can deepen strategic mutual trust, optimize resource allocation, jointly mitigate external risks, address internal challenges, and build a more resilient, secure, and green regional mineral resource security system in the context of global industrial chain restructuring.