Abstract: As a global leader in mine safety, Australia has achieved a critical shift in its safety production goals from “zero fatalities” to “zero harm”. Although China has established a legal system for mine safety centered on the Mine Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, this law has not undergone any comprehensive substantive revision in over three decades since its enactment, rendering it increasingly misaligned with the rapid development of the mining industry. This paper conducts a systematic comparative study of the mine safety legal frameworks of China and Australia from four perspectives: the legal and regulatory system, the supervision and inspection system, worker participation mechanisms, and information exchange mechanisms. The findings indicate that the deep-seated causes of the differences lie in the countries’ differing forms of state structure, stages of governance model transition, and legal cultural traditions. Australia’s experience shows that establishing a tripartite, collaborative working mechanism that integrates government regulation, corporate responsibility, and worker participation is highly effective and critical to mine safety governance. In the future revision of the Mine Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, emphasis should be placed on further clarifying the legal responsibilities of relevant entities, strengthening worker participation systems, optimizing information exchange mechanisms, and exploring the establishment of a tripartite mechanism for occupational safety and health tailored to China’s national conditions. The results of this study may serve as a reference for the revision and improvement of Mine Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.