Abstract: “One Belt And One Road” is a major national strategy. In this paper, a thorough analysis had been made on hydrocarbon resources potential and cooperative prospects among the countries along the Belt and Road from the following aspects: the distribution of hydrocarbon resources, the quantum and routes of trade, and the foreign cooperation rights and interests of our oil enterprises. This research has put forward the main petroliferous regions in the Middle East, Central Asia and Russia as our priority cooperation directions. Some cooperation suggestions considering China’s hydrocarbon resources situation were also proposed: consolidating the oil and gas cooperation with central Asian countries; expanding the cooperation field and scale with countries in the Middle East; seizing the opportunity to make the upstream market a significant step forward in Russia.