Abstract: Reserve of mineral resources is an important means to ensure national resource security and sustainable economic development.Based on the research of the resource reserve system of the United States and Japan，this paper analyzed two countries’ mineral resources，reserve targets，the product reserves and the mineral land reserves，and then compared the China’s mineral resources reserve system to carry out，finally proposed a mineral resources reserve structure which combines products，production capacity，mineral lands in our country，and the corresponding measuresand suggestions.