Abstract: This article discusses the content and the theoretical basis of the economic compansation mechanism of resource exploitation, introduces the taxation system on mineral resources, analyses the problem of the taxation system on mineral resource, presents a new taxation system on mineral resource and establishes a reasonable economic compansation mechanism of resource exploitation: sorting out the state has the ownership of mineral resource;combinning the natural reource tax and compansatory fee into royalty; canceling of the "the system of dual track" and improving the access to the system of payment of mining rights; increasing the standard of the mining rights;establishing special environmental protection fund for the exploitation of mineral resources.