Abstract: Phosphorus is essential for crop growth. Most of the phosphorus, which is applied to agricultural land, comes from phosphate rock. About 66% of the phosphate rock ore mined was used to produce phosphate fertilizer. A reasonable exploitation and utilization of phosphate rock is a key to the national food security and human survival. Sustainable development of the phosphate rock industry is important for the fertilizer industry and agricultural production. Based on the current relationship of reserves and production-demanding of phosphorus ore resources around the world, the characteristics, exploitation and utilization situation of phosphorus ore resources in China have been introduced, and their trend of exploitation and utilization has been analyzed. The result shows that there will be a short supply of rich phosphorus ores and a notable trend of combination of phosphorus resources, and that the transformation and updating of their exploitation and utilization would inevitably accelerate. According to the prediction and the trend of exploitation and utilization of phosphorus ore resources consumption in China, advices on their reasonable exploitation have been given to sustain the development of the phosphorus chemical industry.