Abstract: Regulations on the Protection of Geological Environment in Mines of China clearly stipulate that mining enterprises are the main responsible parties for mine environmental management. However, in the specific implementation, it has been found that there are significant differences in the effect of mine environmental management among mining enterprises. In order to explore the reasons behind the differences, takes the mine environmental management effect as the dependent variable, and the environmental management investment of mining enterprises as the independent variable, constructs a random effect model, conducts regression analysis on the panel data of more than 30 000 mines in China from 2020 to 2021, and further discusses the regional heterogeneity. The research results indicate that except for the unclear impact of mining technology level and green mining construction on the effect of mining environmental management, investment in mining environmental management, mining environmental pressure, mineral types, production states, and mining methods all significantly affect the effect of mining environmental management. Among them, there is a significant positive correlation between investment in mining environmental management, mining environmental pressure, and the effect of mining environmental management. From the perspective of mineral types, energy mines and metal mines positively support the effect of mine environmental management; from the perspective of production states, discontinued mines and closed or closed pit mines contribute to the improvement of the effect of mine environmental management; from the perspective of mining methods, open-pit mining has a positive impact on the effect of mine environmental management, while underground mining has a significant negative impact on the effect of mine environmental management. And all of the above factors have significant regional heterogeneity in their impact on the effect of mine environmental management.