Abstract: With the continuous and high-intensity mining of coal resources in the western region, the engineering and hydrogeological conditions faced by mines are becoming increasingly complex, which can easily lead to mining water and sand bursting accidents. The investigation of hydrogeological structural characteristics is an important fundamental work for water hazard evaluation and management. This paper takes the Ningtiaota Coal Mine in the Yushenfu Mining Area of Northern Shaanxi Province as an example, and based on a systematic analysis of its geological conditions and structural development, studies the hydrogeological structural characteristics of the mining area from three aspects: supply, runoff, discharge conditions; main water sources; and the spatial structure relationship between the ore body and the aquifer. The research has found that the shallow loose layer on the surface is mainly supplied by atmospheric precipitation, while the bedrock weathering zone aquifer is mainly supplied by lateral runoff. The water source for mine filling includes five types: atmospheric precipitation, surface water, aquifer water, goaf water and burnt rock water. Different coal seams have different water sources according to their burial depth, mining thickness, and development height of fracture zones. Finally, based on the analysis of the hydrogeological structural characteristics of the mine, it is believed that there may be a risk of water and sand bursting in the lower part of the 2⁻² coal seam in the burning area. Two rows of curtain grouting holes have been designed to ensure the safe mining of the coal seam. The results of the drainage test after the completion of the grouting treatment project indicate that the recharge amount of the burnt rock aquifer is significantly reduced, and the treatment effect is significant, which can ensure the safe mining of coal seams. The research results have certain theoretical and practical significance for the prevention and control of mine water hazards and water resource protection in the Yushenfu Mining Area.