Abstract: In the context of the rapid evolution of global energy transition and technology and industry, the strategic position of critical minerals as fundamental raw materials has become increasingly prominent, leading to intense competition among countries for the supply chains of the critical minerals industry. Developed countries such as the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Japan, and South Korea have established dozens of bilateral and multilateral critical minerals alliances to ensure the stability of their critical minerals supply chains. Among them, the Minerals Security Partnership （MSP） is the core of the global critical minerals strategy implementation framework for countries like the United States and the European Union, with a wide coverage, significant progress, and considerable impact. The US and European countries have built a multi-level network of critical mineral supply chains through the MSP, covering all critical minerals list and their supply and value chains, complemented by multi-faceted safeguard measures integrating finance, diplomacy, and law, under which they have promoted the implementation of numerous critical mineral projects. The US and European countries intend to use the MSP to drive the supply system of critical minerals towards blocization and fragmentation, setting a set of resource governance standards under the Western value system and vigorously promoting them in resource countries, raising the barriers to investment in critical minerals, and further intensifying the global competition for critical minerals. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the US and European critical mineral alliances, suggestions have been proposed to address the competition for critical minerals among major powers and to enhance the stability of the global critical mineral supply chain. These suggestions include building a multilateral cooperation framework for inclusive development, striving for a high ground in sustainable development discourse, and improving the mutually beneficial level of industrial chain development with resource countries.