Research on ecological restoration and human settlement environment construction in mining areas based on “ecology+landscape+economy” model: a case study of the subsidence area in Sandaogou Coal Mine, Fugu County, Shaanxi Province

High intensity coal mining causes frequent land subsidence and geological disasters. However, traditional ecological governance method for mining subsidence areas faces critical challenges: high cost, significant implementation difficulties, and poor ecological outcomes. This approach consistently fails to achieve a balance between regional ecological environment and economic development. Currently, there is an urgent need to explore feasible future models and implementation paths for ecological restoration in mining areas. Through model innovation, sustainable development of ecological restoration benefits in mining areas can be achieved. This study uses the ecological restoration case of the subsidence area at Sandaogou Coal Mine in Fugu County, Shaanxi Province, focusing on the logical chain of “context-problems-solutions-outcomes”. Through field research, the problems faced in the ecological governance process of subsidence areas are systematically analyzed, and the ecological restoration paths, models, and technologies of subsidence areas are analyzed at multiple levels. The ecological environment governance effect of mining areas based on the “ecology+landscape+economy” model is objectively evaluated. The research results demonstrate that the subsidence area in Sandaogou Coal Mine implements differentiated zoning strategies during rehabilitation. Guided by the principle of prioritizing natural restoration with targeted human interventions, it focuses on advancing forestry and agricultural reclamation projects, successfully built ecological forests and agricultural demonstration areas in subsidence areas. The structural restoration and functional reconstruction of the ecosystem in the area have been achieved, effectively promoting the coordinated development of the natural and rural living environment in the area. This example proves that in the comprehensive governance model of ecological restoration in mining areas with “ecology+landscape+economy” as the core, the ecological benefits can be significantly improved, which has promotional significance for the ecological governance of similar coal mine subsidence areas. It can provide theoretical basis for the organic unity of geological environment governance and rural revitalization strategy in mining areas, and also provide technical reference and practical experience for the sustainable development of ecological environment in mining areas.