Analysis of the genesis and prospecting potential of the “red bed” copper deposit in Bolivia

Bolivia’s “red-bed” copper deposits represent a unique type of copper mineralization in South America, distinct from world-class porphyry-type deposits. These deposits occur in Tertiary red sedimentary rock series within the Altiplano Plateau and are closely associated with volcanic activity, with ore-forming materials derived from volcanic hydrothermal fluids. Their distribution is strongly controlled by fault structures, which serve two key roles: as conduits for volcanic hydrothermal fluids, governing the source of mineralization, and as pathways facilitating oxidation and leaching of primary ores, enhancing secondary enrichment. While the primary mineralization of “red-bed” copper deposits generally lacks economic value, subsequent supergene enrichment can form multiple small but high-grade ore pockets suitable for small-scale mining. Based on an analysis of geological factors such as orebody characteristics, host rock environments, and ore-controlling structures, this study suggests that the deep exploration potential for this deposit type is relatively limited. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether porphyry-type copper deposits exist at greater depths.