The development of ESG theory and practice in international mining industry and its implications for China

As an industry characterized by high environmental sensitivity and profound social impact, the mining ESG （Environmental, Social, and Governance） practices have become a central issue on the global sustainable development agenda. This paper systematically examines the evolution of ESG theory and practice in the international mining industry, identifying four distinct developmental stages: exploratory initiation, preliminary emergence, rapid expansion, and standardized maturation. It further analyzes China’s distinctive “1+1” policy framework, which integrates international alignment with localized innovation. Through methodologies including literature review, case studies, and policy comparison, the study elucidates how ESG has evolved from a peripheral ethical concern into a core component of mining corporate competitiveness. It also explores key trends shaping mining ESG, including capital market drivers, climate transition pressures, technological enablement, and value creation. Drawing on cases from leading global mining enterprises, the research demonstrates the tangible impact of ESG performance on financing costs, market access, supply chain management, and corporate reputation. Findings indicate an accelerating convergence of international ESG standards, with China establishing a disclosure framework that reflects both global norms and local characteristics. Nevertheless, domestic mining companies still face challenges such as insufficient disclosure, weak governance structures, environmental irreversibility, safety risks, and community conflicts. In response to these industry-specific issues, the study proposes innovative strategies such as implementing full life-cycle environmental management, advancing intelligent mining technologies, improving community engagement mechanisms, and developing a localized ESG rating system, thereby providing a reference for the systematic enhancement of practices of China’s mining ESG.