How did the “forest” in the cave grow? — Interpretation of stalagmite formation and morphological classification

Based on the observation and analysis of the morphological characteristics of cave stalagmites, this paper explores the main controlling factors behind their morphological diversity. The analysis indicates that the morphology of stalagmites is primarily controlled by hydrodynamic conditions, the height of the cave ceiling, and the characteristics of the drip site. Hydrodynamic conditions directly affect the drip rate and the calcium carbonate deposition process, determining the basic growth patterns and laminar structures of stalagmites. The height of the cave ceiling, by controlling the kinetic energy of falling water droplets, influences the drip-splash process and the distribution of the base, which is a key factor causing morphological differentiation in stalagmites. The stability of the drip site （e.g., position, seasonal variations in water volume） controls the supply flux and continuity of sedimentary materials, thereby affecting the symmetry and complexity of stalagmite morphology.