The Qinling orogenic belt: a treasure trove of resources in a multi-sphere coupled mineralization system

The Qinling orogenic belt has become a key area for global geological research due to its unique tectonic setting, complex geological evolution, and abundant mineral resources. This paper provides a systematic overview of the geological evolution of this orogenic belt, encompassing the formation of the early basement, multi-phase plate tectonic activities, and intracontinental deformation, which together elucidate the genetic mechanisms of its complex tectonic framework. Through comprehensive analysis of the characteristics tectonic movements, magmatic activities, and their impacts on the regional geological structure during different stages, the patterns of geological evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt are summarized. The mineralization within the orogen is preliminarily discussed, including the main types of mineral deposits and their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, revealing the coupling relationship between geological evolution and mineralization. The complex geological evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt has provided favorable conditions for the formation of various mineral resources. The Indosinian period and Yanshanian period are identified as major mineralization epochs, with distinctive types of deposits developed in different tectonic units. This paper provides significant insights into the tectonic evolution of the Chinese continent and has important implications for regional mineral resource exploration.